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Hamlet and His Problems is an essay written by T.S. Eliot in 1919 that offers a critical reading of ''Hamlet''. The essay first appeared in Eliot's ''The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism'' in 1920. It was later reprinted by Faber & Faber in 1932 in ''Selected Essays, 1917-1932''.〔Eliot, T. S. Selected Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1964.〕 Eliot's critique gained attention partly due to his claim that ''Hamlet'' is "most certainly an artistic failure." Eliot also popularised the concept of the objective correlative — a mechanism used to evoke emotion in an audience – in the essay. The essay is also an example of Eliot's use of what became known as new criticism.〔Eliot, T. S. “Hamlet and His Problems.” The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1921.〕 ==Content== Eliot begins the essay by stating that the primary problem of ''Hamlet'' is actually the play itself, with its main character being only a secondary issue. Eliot goes on to note that play enjoys critical success because the character of Hamlet appeals to a particular kind of creatively minded critic. According to Eliot, a creative-minded individual who directs his energy toward criticism projects his own character onto Hamlet. As a result, the critic becomes biased in favour of and fixated on the character. Eliot accuses Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Samuel Taylor Coleridge of this, stating that Goethe's critique turns Shakespeare's tragic hero into his own Werther while Coleridge's "Lecture on Hamlet" made Hamlet into a Coleridge. Eliot wrote that due to their fixation on Hamlet rather than the play as a whole, the type of criticism that Coleridge and Goethe produced is "the most misleading kind possible."〔 Eliot follows this by praising J.M. Robertson and (Elmer Edgar Stoll ) for publishing critiques that focus on the larger scope of the play. He argues that a creative work cannot be interpreted, only criticised according to a standard or in comparison to another work. The function of interpretation in this argument is to make the reader aware of relevant historical information that they are not assumed to know. Eliot credits Robertson in particular for his historical interpretation of ''Hamlet''. Next, Eliot names three sources on which Shakespeare is believed to have based his play: Thomas Kyd's ''The Spanish Tragedy'', The ''Ur-Hamlet'', and a version of the play performed in Germany during Shakespeare's lifetime. He notes the differences between ''Hamlet'' and its source material, pointing out that in the earlier works the only motive for murder is revenge, the delay of which is the result of circumventing the king's guards. The Hamlet of the earlier play also uses his perceived madness as a guise to escape suspicion. In Shakespeare's version, however, Eliot believes Hamlet is driven by a motive greater than revenge, his delay in exacting revenge is left unexplained, and that Hamlet's madness is meant to arouse the king's suspicion rather than avoid it. Eliot finds these alterations too incomplete to be convincing, and feels that the prose of the two texts are so similar in some sections that it appears that Shakespeare simply revised Kyd's text. Eliot concludes this section by agreeing with Robertson's assertion that the hero of ''Hamlet'' is driven more by his mother's guilt than revenge for the father, and Shakespeare fell short in combining this altered motive with his source material. The latter portion of the essay is dedicated to Eliot's criticism of ''Hamlet'' based on his concept of the objective correlative. He begins by arguing that the greatest contributor to the play's failure is Shakespeare's inability to express Hamlet's emotion in his surroundings and the audience's resultant inability to localise that emotion. The madness of Shakespeare's character, according to Eliot, is a result of the inexpressible things that Hamlet feels and the playwright cannot convey. Eliot concludes by stating that because Shakespeare cannot find a sufficient objective correlative for his hero, the audience is left without a means to understand an experience that Shakespeare himself does not seem to understand.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hamlet and His Problems」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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